Background and Aim: Nowadays, the environment and its protection have become one of the most important social and bioethics issues in the world of humanity. This study was conducted to investigate Environmental Crimes and provide prevention strategies. Materials and methods: In this analytical study, published materials related to the topic were collected and analyzed using library method. Then, recommendations have provided based on a preventive and ethical approach. Findings: In general, the most important Environmental problems are air pollution caused by industrial activities, pollution of water resources through the entry of urban and industrial wastewater into rivers, the lack of standardization in urban waste management, soil pollution due to the input of toxic substances and construction waste. Some Environmental offenses include threats to public health, deliberate destruction of trees, excessive livestock grazing, unauthorized construction. Among the ways to prevent such Crimes include legislative changes, conduct training courses for lawyers, the use of alternative prison sentences and the participation of people and NGOs in preventing Environmental Crimes. Also, criminal offenses enacted by legal entities and their importance require a criminal liability plan. Conclusion: Environmental Crimes are one of the most important problems of human communities that have the ability to destroy it by affecting all aspects of community's life. Therefore, public participation in Environmental protection in the form of NGOs, promoting community culture through mass media and cyberspace and updating the rules and regulations in this area are recommended.

The focus of criminology on Crimes and harms committed by and against humans has broadened over time. Only since the 1990s, however, has the discipline recognized the significance of Crimes and harms concerning the environment and nonhuman animals. A variety of approaches and bodies of work now contribute to what can be described as green criminology. This article summarizes research on types of Environmental crime and harm, as well as different eco‐, philosophical orientations and related justice‐, based approaches. It concludes with an example illustrating the ways in which these approaches may overlap.

Introduction: Environmental Crimes are one of the important topics of green criminology. Green criminology deals with Crimes and damages that affect the environment, plants, and lives of domestic and wild animals. The results of various reports indicate that the 5 areas of illegal trade in wildlife, timber and forest trees, substances that destroy the ozone layer, discharge of hazardous waste, and illegal fishing outside of the prescribed time are among the most important and common types of Environmental Crimes in the world. Crimes against the environment are one of the major cases of Environmental destruction that have now become important national and global issues. During the recent decades, many studies have been conducted to identify and explain Environmental Crimes though they have sometimes had conflicting and contradictory results, which create ambiguities in this issue. Due to the abundance and diversity of research conducted in the field of Environmental Crimes, a combination of research in this area, like a systematic review, is felt to be necessary. The main question of this research was as follows: What are the most important factors affecting Environmental Crimes? Materials and Methods The research method of this paper was based on a systematic review and meta-analysis. The method of systematic review presents a summary of research results in the form of a table and uses the technique of counting opinions. It is a kind of summary of the existing literature and writings about a specific scientific topic, which uses certain methods to search the literature and critically evaluate each research. In addition to the systematic review, the meta-analysis method was used in this study. The term ‘meta-analysis’ means analysis of analyses. A particular topic may have been replicated in various ways by using, for example, differently sized samples and conducting research in different countries under varied Environmental, social, and economic conditions. Sometimes, the results appear to be reasonably consistent,others less so. Meta-analysis enables a rigorous comparison to be made rather than focusing on a subjective 'eyeballing'. However, the technique relies on all the relevant information being available for each of the examined studies. If some crucial factors like sample size and methodology are missing, then, no comparison is feasible. Meta-analysis allows us to compare or combine results across a set of similar studies. The units of analysis in individual studies are individual observations. In meta-analysis, the units of analysis are the results of individual studies. Meta-analysis is an objective and quantitative methodology for synthesizing the previous studies and research on a particular topic into an overall finding. In meta-analysis, literature from written sources is placed in a systematic review to determine, based on previous studies, how much is the effect of one variable on another variable. Meta-analysis involves the results of studies as the unit of analysis, specifically results in the form of effect sizes. Obtaining these effect sizes does not require having access to the raw data, which are all-too-often unavailable. It is usually possible to compute these effect sizes from the data reported in papers resulting from the original, primary, or secondary analysis. Meta-analysis is a literature review to summarize the findings of various studies conducted on the same subject matter. It is used only when the examined studies are in the form of quantity studies. In this study, articles were reviewed by using a systematic review, in which topics, such as research method, used variables, and the geographical area or territory under investigation are addressed. After the systematic review, the effect size of each variable is assessed. The population of this study included almost all scientific papers with the subject of factors related to Environmental Crimes published between 2001 and 2021. Finally, 44 papers were selected and analyzed. For analyzing the data collected from the relevant research, the comprehensive meta-analysis software was used for meta-analysis statistical calculations after coding the data. Also, Cohen's table was applied for interpreting the effect sizes. Discussion of Results and Conclusion The results of the systematic review showed that illegal wildlife hunters and then illegal wildlife dealers were among the most frequently investigated populations in the field of Environmental Crimes. Most of the research related to Environmental Crimes had been done in African regions. The regions of East Asia, North America, and Eastern and Western Europe were in the next ranks. The results showed that the process of law enforcement, market demand, and unemployment, compared to other variables, had a significant impact on Environmental Crimes. The findings revealed that the relationship between market demand and Environmental Crimes in the studies reviewed was positive and significant (effect size = 0. 51). The relationship between unemployment and livelihoods and Environmental Crimes in the studies reviewed was positive and significant (effect size = 0. 38) as well. These results demonstrated that the combined effects of the relationship between the process of law enforcement and Environmental Crimes in the reviewed studies were equivalent to 0. 32, thus being positive and significant.

The holy Quran for prevention of Environmental Crimes has valuable Doctrines that by using of them in the way of primary prevention model can plays an important role in Crimes prevention. In primary prevention model (in opposite of secondary and ternary prevention models which they have found issues and problems from them) has not been found any problem in it, yet. Therefore the goals of this kind of prohibition focus on damaging phenomena. We can see in holy Quran that Quran Doctrines for prevention of Environmental Crimes has two aspect individual and social. In individual aspect there are prohibitory beliefs like (faith to god, believe in god and sign Environmental creature, having faith which nature has benefits for human life). And ethical Doctrines like as (respect to nature), and in social view there are economical Doctrines like as (prevention of dissipate of earth and recommend people for nature improvement) and social Doctrines like as (Environmental justice and Environmental discrimination).

Nowdays,Environmental protection is seen as important and fundamental values,included in UN discourse on human security.Moreover,this issue has been reflected in national as well as regional documents.Since Environmental protection requires a consistent and effective criminal policy towards Environmental Crimes,Iranian criminal law has passed some acts about Environmental protection.In this framework,this article tries to identify deficiencies in Environmental acts and propose solutions for eliminating them.The results of this paper,which has been done by drawing on library sources and based on analytical approach,show that Iranian criminal law has some deficiencies such as incoherence in legislation,disproportionate punishments,weakness in ways of beginning pursuit and disregarding of non-governmental organization participation.Therefore,we propose passage of a coherent code which contains deterrence,sanction,supervision through efficient and specialized training,and particularly,utilization of non-governmental organization for Environmental protection.

Covid 19 which is a member of the big family of corona viruses, has caused a widespread lock down of businesses and blockage of human activities which is unprecedented and even world wars were not able to do so. Despite the infection of more than four million people around the world and hundreds of thousands of deaths following this worldwide pandemic, there were also some positive effects for this disease in different areas such as decline in the consumption of energy, greenhouse gases and Environmental damages and pollution around the world. Although there were negative effects for covid 19 like the increase of food consumption during quarantines caused by it and increase of water consumption because of hygienic purposes. Besides these consequences, there is a question about the criminal aspects of covid 19. In this respects we can mention three different topics in relation to Iranian criminal and Environmental law, including the Crimes related to special medical waste, transfering the virus to the animals and threatening the public hygiene.

Background and Aim: The need to deal with Crimes and attacks on the environment has always been considered by the Iranian judiciary and so far, various regulations and measures in the form of legislative and judicial policies against Crimes in this area have not been effective and effective deterrence. This study aims to identify and explain the challenge of tackling Environmental Crimes from the perspective of Iranian law and jurisprudence. Materials and Methods: The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical through library studies, including books, articles and researches that are related to the subject and in line with the objectives of the article. Ethical considerations: In this research, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed. Findings: In general, at the judicial level, there are challenges such as lack of judicial strategy and policy regarding the environment, delays in prosecuting Environmental Crimes and lawsuits, as well as the lack of a participatory approach that can disrupt the mission of judicial authorities in order to It will guarantee the implementation of Environmental rights. Conclusion: Considering the legislative and judicial policy in the Iranian penal system, it is recommended to formulate and explain a unified and coherent approach to Environmental Crimes on behalf of civil society organizations in order to have a participatory strategy against these Crimes.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: Over time and with technological advancements, humanity has moved away from natural living to an industrial lifestyle. In pursuit of human interests, extensive interventions and alterations have been made to the natural environment. These changes, including soil degradation, deforestation, and the destruction of surface and groundwater bodies and seas, have caused irreversible harm to humans and have put the existence of all living beings at serious risk. Such actions can be considered as examples of criminal behaviors.  Methodology: The primary research question is framed as follows: “What legal measures have been anticipated for Environmental Crimes? ” This study employs a descriptive-analytical method, developed using legal texts and articles. Findings: In essence, the environment is one of the most critical sectors of society, an inseparable part of human life with a profound impact on it. Although during the 19th and 20th centuries, the drafters of constitutions established certain standards for Environmental protection and bilateral or multilateral agreements were concluded with the aim of safeguarding the environment, the reality remains that this area of international law requires a robust global institution.  Conclusion: Such an institution would strengthen the motivation for supporting the international environment and enhance access to effective judicial mechanisms globally. Through this approach, it would pave the way for the further development of international Environmental law by issuing beneficial judicial rulings and precedents regarding the environment and its protection, thereby reinforcing its continuous growth.

Aims & Backgrounds The aim of this study was to evaluate the typology of Environmental Crimes in the natural geography of Iran. Methodology First, a checklist of different Environmental Crimes prepared based on semi-structured interview method with 169 respondents identified as sample size. Second, using expert opinions and the method of pairwise comparison, Environmental Crimes are weighted and their importance coefficient was determined. Finally, related data were collected from the legal offices of the relevant organizations, the statistics of violations, and Environmental Crimes in each provinces of the country between the years 2016 to 2019. Findings Environmental Crimes are classified into 3 major factors, 8 minor-factors, and 23 measurement categories. The highest crime rates were “, ecosystem degradation”, , “, Environmental pollution”,and “, biodegradation”, , respectively. The highest percentage of minor Crimes belongs to “, water pollution”,with 58 percent, followed by “, soil pollution”,with 26 percent, and finally “, air pollution”,with 16 percent. In Crimes related to “, ecosystem destruction”, ,the highest percentage belongs to “, destruction of forests and pastures”,with 48%, followed by “, destruction of wetlands and ecosystems”,with 35%, and finally, “, destruction of mountains and plains”,with 17%. In the case of Crimes related to “, harvesting resources and effects on biodiversity”, ,the highest percentage of “, damage to wildlife”,was 57% and the lowest rate was “, damage to habitat”,with 43%. The highest crime rates belong to “, land-use change”,(9. 4%) and the lowest is “, herbal plant harvests”,(0. 5%). Mazandaran province with 6674 cases of Environmental Crimes is at the top of the list of provinces in the country and Khorasan Razavi province with 232 Crimes is at the lowest point. Conclusion Considering the multiplicity and diversity of Environmental Crimes in the country and the increasing frequency of crime, it is necessary to take more effective measures in this regard.

Considering the increasing growth of Environmental Crimes, it is significant to identify the effective factors in preventing Crimes in this area. Based on this, the aim of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the prevention of Environmental Crimes in Herat city, Afghanistan. The statistical population of this research comprises the students of the Faculty of Agriculture of the State University of Herat city, from which 277 people were selected as the final volume based on random sampling using Cochran's formula. The tool for collecting information is a researcher-made questionnaire with emphasis on five political, economic, cultural, social, and legal variables, whose formal, content, and structural validity and reliability were confirmed. To investigate the relationship between the variables and their effect on preservation of the environment of Herat city, the one sample t-test was used, and Friedman's test was carried out to rank the variables. The findings of the one sample t-test showed that among the political, economic, cultural, social, and legal variables, only political, legal, and cultural factors have a direct and meaningful relationship with the prevention of Environmental Crimes. However, the findings of Friedman's test proved that among the five variables, the cultural factor ranks first and the economic variable ranks last.